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The canon law of the Catholic Church is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the hierarchical authorities of the Church to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church.〔Manual of Canon Law, pg. 3〕 In the Catholic Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based directly or indirectly upon immutable divine law or natural law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person.〔(Canon 331 ), 1983 Code of Canon Law〕 The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition. It has all the ordinary elements of a mature legal system:〔 laws, courts, lawyers, judges,〔Edward N. Peters, ("A Catechist's Introduction to Canon Law" ), CanonLaw.info, accessed June-11-2013〕 a fully articulated legal code,〔Manual of Canon Law, pg. 49〕 principles of legal interpretation,〔(1983 Code of Canon Law )〕 and coercive penalties.〔(St. Joseph Foundation newsletter, Vol. 30 No. 7 ), pg. 3〕 It lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. (''Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus'', Bachelor of Canon Law, normally taken as a graduate degree), J.C.L. (''Juris Canonici Licentiatus'', Licentiate of Canon Law) and the J.C.D. (''Juris Canonici Doctor'', Doctor of Canon Law), and those with a J.C.L. or higher are usually called "canonists" or "canon lawyers". Because of its specialized nature, advanced degrees in civil law or theology are normal prerequisites for the study of canon law. Canon law as a field is called canonistics. ==History and codification== (詳細はCatholic Church has the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the West,〔 much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions. The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the ''jus antiquum'', the ''jus novum'', the ''jus novissimum'' and the ''Code of Canon Law''.〔Manual of Canon Law, pg. 13, #8〕 In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the ''jus vetus'' (all law before the Code) and the ''jus novum'' (the law of the Code, or ''jus codicis'').〔 The canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches, which had developed some different disciplines and practices, underwent its own process of codification, resulting in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II.〔Blessed John Paul II, Ap. Const.(Sacri Canones )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Canon law (Catholic Church)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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